Consonants

Topic 2  Consonants

    No.      Phonemes          Helping Words         

1.             /  p  /                        p --- pen                              

2.             /  b  /                        b --- bed

3.             /  t  /                 t ---  tea

4.             /  d  /                        d ---  desk

5.             /  k  /                        c --- uncle / k ---ankle  / ch --- mechanic

6.             /  g  /                        g --- girl

7.             /   f  /                   f – fly / gh – rough / ph – elephant

8.             /   v  /                  v – vase

9.             /   q   /                   th – three

10.            /   ð    /                  th – father

11.            /  s  /                            s – sea / c – cell /  x – box

12.            /  z  /                    z – zoo / s – boys / es – houses

13.            /   ∫    /              sh -- she /t -- patient /c -- ocean

14.            /   ӡ    /             s -- leisure 

15.            /   h  /                     h --  hat

16.            /  t∫     /              ch – chair

17.            /  dӡ    /              ge – orange /dge – bridge/ J -- June

18.            /  w  /                       w – we      

19.            /  j  /                         y – yes

       

20.            /  l  /                                 l – all /  l -- like

21.            /  r  /                         r -- red

22.            /  m  /                     m – mother

23.            /  n  /                       n – no / n – on

24.            /  ŋ  /                       nk – sink / ng – sing                                                    Table 2                                              5.    

 The consonant phonemes are arranged based on the Manners of Articulation as in the table above.

No.  1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 17 are voiceless speech sounds.  The rest are voiced speech sounds.  No 1-16 are speech sounds in pairs like /p  b/, /t  d/, /k  g/ .......and the pair is marked by the difference of phonation.

Consonant Features in Description:  Places and Manners of Articulation

               Phonation Bilabial   Labiodental   Interdental  Alveolar  Palatal  Velar  Glottal

Stop                 voiceless       p                                                        t                          k

                        Voiced             b                                                        d                          g

Fricative          voiceless                         f                       θ              s               ʃ                      h        

                        Voiced                                v                       ð              z              ʒ

Affricative       voiceless                                                                                 ʧ

                        Voiced                                                                                       ʤ

Glides              voiced             w                                                                         j

   Lateral         voiced                                                                       l

   Retroflex      voiced                                                                      r           

Nasal               voiced               m                                                        n                         ŋ

                                Table 3

To describe a consonant phoneme, you consider the following features:

 1.  Places of Articulation

  2.  Manner of Articulation

  3.  Phonation:  voicelss / voiced

Places of Articulation

The airstream is obstructed at following places:

1.    Bilabial (bi – two; labial – lips ) :  /p  b/ w, m

2.    Labiodental (lip and teeth)              :  /f  v/

3.    Interdental                            :  /θ ð/

4.    Alveolar                                        :  /t  d/   /s  z/  /l  r/  / n /

5.    Palatal                                  :  /ʃ ʒ/  /ʧ ʤ/

6.    Velar                                   :  /k  g/   / ŋ /

7.    Glottah                                 :  / h /

Manners of Articulation

The ways the airstream are obstructed / partially obstructed.

1.   Stop/Plosive          :  /p  b/   /t  d/   /k  g/

2.   Fricative                 :  /f  v/   /θ ð/   /s  z/   /ʃ ʒ/   / h /

3.   Affricative      :         /ʧ ʤ/

4.   Glide              :        /w  j/    /l  r/

5.   Nasal             :        /m  n  ŋ /                                  6.